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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Introduction to AI: This exam section covers topics such as the AI effect and how it influences the definition of AI. It covers how to distinguish between narrow AI, general AI, and super AI; moreover, the topics covered include describing how standards apply to AI-based systems.
Topic 2	Testing AI-Based Systems Overview: In this section, focus is given to how system specifications for AI-based systems can create challenges in testing and explain automation bias and how this affects testing.
Topic 3	Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.
Topic 4	Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics: In this section, the topics covered are about the challenges in testing created by the self-learning of AI-based systems.
Topic 5	Quality Characteristics for AI-Based Systems: This section covers topics covered how to explain the importance of flexibility and adaptability as characteristics of AI-based systems and describes the vitality of managing evolution for AI-based systems. It also covers how to recall the characteristics that make it difficult to use AI-based systems in safety-related applications.
Topic 6	ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.
Topic 7	systems from those required for conventional systems.
Topic 8	Methods and Techniques for the Testing of AI-Based Systems: In this section, the focus is on explaining how the testing of ML systems can help prevent adversarial attacks and data poisoning.
Topic 9	Using AI for Testing: In this section, the exam topics cover categorizing the AI technologies used in software testing.
Topic 10	ML Functional Performance Metrics: In this section, the topics covered include how to calculate the ML functional performance metrics from a given set of confusion matrices.
Topic 11	Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based

ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q36-Q41):

NEW QUESTION # 36
Which ONE of the following hardware is MOST suitable for implementing Al when using ML?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Hardware supporting fast matrix multiplication.
B. High powered CPUs.
C. 64-bit CPUs.
D. Hardware supporting high precision floating point operations.

Answer: A

Explanation:
A . 64-bit CPUs.
While 64-bit CPUs are essential for handling large amounts of memory and performing complex computations, they are not specifically optimized for the types of operations commonly used in machine learning.
B . Hardware supporting fast matrix multiplication.
Matrix multiplication is a fundamental operation in many machine learning algorithms, especially in neural networks and deep learning. Hardware optimized for fast matrix multiplication, such as GPUs (Graphics Processing Units), is most suitable for implementing AI and ML because it can handle the parallel processing required for these operations efficiently.
C . High powered CPUs.
High powered CPUs are beneficial for general-purpose computing tasks and some aspects of ML, but they are not as efficient as specialized hardware like GPUs for matrix multiplication and other ML-specific tasks.
D . Hardware supporting high precision floating point operations.
High precision floating point operations are important for scientific computing and some specific AI tasks, but for many ML applications, fast matrix multiplication is more critical than high precision alone.
Therefore, the correct answer is B because hardware supporting fast matrix multiplication, such as GPUs, is most suitable for the parallel processing requirements of machine learning.

NEW QUESTION # 37
Which of the following approaches would help overcome testing challenges associated with probabilistic and non-deterministic AI-based systems?

A. Run the test several times to ensure that the AI always returns the same correct test result.
B. Run the test several times to generate a statistically valid test result to ensure that an appropriate number of answers are accurate.
C. Decompose the system test into multiple data ingestion tests to determine if the AI system is getting precise and accurate input data.
D. Decompose the system test into multiple data ingestion tests to determine if the AI system is getting a sufficient volume of input data.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Probabilistic and non-deterministic AI-based systemsdo not always produce the same output for identical inputs. This makes traditional testing approaches ineffective. Instead, the best approach is torun tests multiple times and analyze results statistically.
* Statistical Validity:Running tests multiple times ensures that observed results are statistically significant. Instead of relying on a single test run,analyzing multiple iterations helps determine trends, probabilities, and outliers.
* Expected Result Tolerance:AI-based systems may produce different results within an acceptable range. Defining acceptable tolerances (e.g., "result must be within 2% of the optimal value") improves test effectiveness.
* A (Run Several Times for the Same Correct Result):AI systems are ofteninherently non- deterministicand may not return the exact same result every time. Expecting identical outputs contradicts the nature of these systems.
* B & C (Decomposing Tests into Data Ingestion Tests):While data ingestion quality is important, it does notdirectlysolve the issue of probabilistic test results. Statistical analysis is the key approach.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 8.4: Challenges Testing Probabilistic and Non-Deterministic AI- Based Systems)
* "For probabilistic systems, running a test multiple times may be necessary to obtain a statistically valid test result.".
* "Where a single definitive output is not possible, results should be analyzed statistically rather than relying on individual test cases.".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Sinceprobabilistic AI systems do not always return the same result, the best approach is torun multiple test iterations and validate results statistically. Hence, thecorrect answer is D.

NEW QUESTION # 38
Which ONE of the following tests is LEAST likely to be performed during the ML model testing phase?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Testing the API of the service powered by the ML model.
B. Testing the speed of the training of the model.
C. Testing the speed of the prediction by the model.
D. Testing the accuracy of the classification model.

Answer: B

Explanation:
The question asks which test is least likely to be performed during the ML model testing phase. Let's consider each option:
* Testing the accuracy of the classification model (A): Accuracy testing is a fundamental part of the ML model testing phase. It ensures that the model correctly classifies the data as intended and meets the required performance metrics.
* Testing the API of the service powered by the ML model (B): Testing the API is crucial, especially if the ML model is deployed as part of a service. This ensures that the service integrates well with other systems and that the API performs as expected.
* Testing the speed of the training of the model (C): This is least likely to be part of the ML model testing phase. The speed of training is more relevant during the development phase when optimizing and tuning the model. During testing, the focus is more on the model's performance and behavior rather than how quickly it was trained.
* Testing the speed of the prediction by the model (D): Testing the speed of prediction is important to ensure that the model meets performance requirements in a production environment, especially for real- time applications.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 3.2 on ML Workflow and Section 5 on ML Functional Performance Metrics discuss the focus of testing during the model testing phase, which includes accuracy and prediction speed but not the training speed.

NEW QUESTION # 39
Which ONE of the following describes a situation of back-to-back testing the LEAST?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Comparison of the results of a neural network ML model with a current decision tree ML model for the same data.
B. Comparison of the results of a home-grown neural network model ML model with results in a neural network model implemented in a standard implementation (for example Pytorch) for same data
C. Comparison of the results of a current neural network model ML model implemented in platform A (for example Pytorch) with a similar neural network model ML model implemented in platform B (for example Tensorflow), for the same data.
D. Comparison of the results of the current neural network ML model on the current data set with a slightly modified data set.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Back-to-back testing is a method where the same set of tests are run on multiple implementations of the system to compare their outputs. This type of testing is typically used to ensure consistency and correctness by comparing the outputs of different implementations under identical conditions. Let's analyze the options given:
A . Comparison of the results of a current neural network model ML model implemented in platform A (for example Pytorch) with a similar neural network model ML model implemented in platform B (for example Tensorflow), for the same data.
This option describes a scenario where two different implementations of the same type of model are being compared using the same dataset. This is a typical back-to-back testing situation.
B . Comparison of the results of a home-grown neural network model ML model with results in a neural network model implemented in a standard implementation (for example Pytorch) for the same data.
This option involves comparing a custom implementation with a standard implementation, which is also a typical back-to-back testing scenario to validate the custom model against a known benchmark.
C . Comparison of the results of a neural network ML model with a current decision tree ML model for the same data.
This option involves comparing two different types of models (a neural network and a decision tree). This is not a typical scenario for back-to-back testing because the models are inherently different and would not be expected to produce identical results even on the same data.
D . Comparison of the results of the current neural network ML model on the current data set with a slightly modified data set.
This option involves comparing the outputs of the same model on slightly different datasets. This could be seen as a form of robustness testing or sensitivity analysis, but not typical back-to-back testing as it doesn't involve comparing multiple implementations.
Based on this analysis, option C is the one that describes a situation of back-to-back testing the least because it compares two fundamentally different models, which is not the intent of back-to-back testing.

NEW QUESTION # 40
Data used for an object detection ML system was found to have been labelled incorrectly in many cases.
Which ONE of the following options is most likely the reason for this problem?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Privacy issues
B. Accuracy issues
C. Security issues
D. Bias issues

Answer: B

Explanation:
The question refers to a problem where data used for an object detection ML system was labelled incorrectly. This issue is most closely related to "accuracy issues." Here's a detailed explanation:
Accuracy Issues: The primary goal of labeling data in machine learning is to ensure that the model can accurately learn and make predictions based on the given labels. Incorrectly labeled data directly impacts the model's accuracy, leading to poor performance because the model learns incorrect patterns.
Why Not Other Options:
Security Issues: This pertains to data breaches or unauthorized access, which is not relevant to the problem of incorrect data labeling.
Privacy Issues: This concerns the protection of personal data and is not related to the accuracy of data labeling.
Bias Issues: While bias in data can affect model performance, it specifically refers to systematic errors or prejudices in the data rather than outright incorrect labeling.

NEW QUESTION # 41
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